Europe, 1963



I have included this photograph of General Francisco Franco as seen on one of the coins I got in Spain in 1963 because it’s salient to note that Spain was the only major country in Europe that I visited in 1963 that still had a pre-World War II leader in power. An attempted coup by Franco started the Spanish civil war in 1936. He became head of state in 1939, adopted the title El Caudillo (i.e., The Chief), and remained dictator of Spain until his death in 1975.